Re: [Nicholas1990] sorry.
The primary features of BPD are unstable interpersonal relationships, affective distress, marked impulsivity, and unstable self-image.[1]
Individuals with BPD tend to experience frequent, strong and long-lasting states of aversive tension, often triggered by perceived rejection, being alone or perceived failure.[n 3] They may show lability (changeability) between anger and anxiety or between depression and anxiety[6] and temperamental sensitivity to emotive stimuli.[7]
The negative emotional states specific to BPD fall into four categories: destructive or self-destructive feelings; extreme feelings in general; feelings of fragmentation or lack of identity; and feelings of victimization.[8]
Individuals with BPD can be very sensitive to the way others treat them, reacting strongly to perceived criticism or hurtfulness. Their feelings about others often shift from positive to negative, generally after a disappointment or perceived threat of abandonment or of losing someone. Self-image can also change rapidly from extremely positive to extremely negative. Impulsive behaviors are common, including alcohol or drug abuse, promiscuous and intense sexuality, gambling and recklessness in general.[9] Attachment studies have revealed a strong association between BPD and insecure attachment style, the most characteristic types being "unresolved", "preoccupied", and "fearful".[10] Evidence suggests that individuals with BPD, while being high in intimacy- or novelty-seeking, can be hyper-alert[11] to signs of rejection or devaluation and tend toward insecure, avoidant or ambivalent, or fearfully preoccupied patterns in relationships.[12] They tend to view the world as generally dangerous and malevolent.[11] BPD is linked to increased levels of chronic stress and conflict in romantic relationships, decreased satisfaction of romantic partners, abuse and unwanted pregnancy; these links may be general to personality disorder and subsyndromal problems.[13]
Manipulation and deceit are viewed as common features of BPD by many of those who treat the disorder as well as by the DSM-IV.[14] [15] Some mental health professionals, however, caution that an overemphasis on these traits and an overly broad definition of "manipulation" can lead to prejudicial treatment of BPD sufferers, particularly within the health care system. [16]
Suicidal or self-harming behavior is one of the core diagnostic criteria in DSM IV-TR, and management of and recovery from this can be complex and challenging.[17] The suicide rate is approximately 8 to 10 percent.[18][19] Self-injury attempts are highly common among patients and may or may not be carried out with suicidal intent.[20][21] Ongoing family interactions and associated vulnerabilities can lead to self-destructive behavior.[22] Stressful life events related to sexual abuse can be a particular trigger for suicide attempts by adolescents with BPD tendencies.[23]
International Classification of Disease
The World Health Organization's ICD-10 defines a conceptually similar disorder to borderline personality disorder called (F60.3) Emotionally unstable personality disorder. It has two subtypes described below.[24]
F60.30 Impulsive type
At least three of the following must be present, one of which must be (2):
marked tendency to act unexpectedly and without consideration of the consequences;
marked tendency to engage in quarrelsome behavior and to have conflicts with others, especially when impulsive acts are thwarted or criticized;
liability to outbursts of anger or violence, with inability to control the resulting behavioral explosions;
difficulty in maintaining any course of action that offers no immediate reward;
unstable and capricious (impulsive, whimsical) mood.