Re: [dmcoco84] Bridge Day News Article
In reply to:
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I am a newbie to the BASE community, I’m only 21 so I am not up on a lot of the History. Where did the problems between NPS and jumpers really start?
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Some true history of parachuting on public lands controlled by the National Park Service: Two years after Carl Boenish filmed backcountry parachutists jumping from El Capitan in 1978, and two years after the National Park Service instituted a policy of prohibition and prosecution against backcountry jumpers, the NPS decided to create a “legal” program of jumping from El Capitan modeled on its successful hang glider permitting and regulation system. A three-month test program began in early August 1980. This program failed because the NPS, the U.S. Parachute Association, and the jumpers themselves had no idea how to integrate jumping with other backcountry activities.
NPS reacted initially with prohibition because it didn’t know how to integrate the activity into its backcountry management model; instead of approaching its management the way it would climbers, hikers and other backcountry users, it looked at jumping as part of the special use/aviation model, and it was from this initial misperception and miscategorization of the sport that all of our current problems arise.
However, NPS was not alone in embracing the aviation model: jumpers themselves and the U.S. Parachute Association in particular, tried to apply the aviation regulatory model to the activity with no reference to, or understanding of, backcountry management and ethics.
Witness the July 1980 Parachutist Magazine headline: “El Capitan Opens For Skydiving” – as if it were just another airplane or ride at the local amusement park. Moreover, the USPA requirements – USPA membership, D license, hard helmet and square main – failed to in any way address the need for jumpers to act responsibly in the backcountry.
And therein began the next set of problems – wilderness-ignorant jumpers running around the backcountry like hooligans who showed no respect for the park, its wildlife, or other visitors.
To top it all off, El Capitan is the only major cliff in the entire U.S. park system with a paved highway running past its base, and Yosemite Valley in summer is its most congested venue outside of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Bottom line: Yes, there were individual jumpers who made everything worse with their actions, but the real problem stemmed first from a fundamental misperception of the nature of the activity, which resulted in an administratively untenable test program that was conducted at the worst place in the system (El Capitan) at the worst possible time (the height of summer) using the worst possible model (aviation/special use instead of backcountry).
Fast forward to 1999, when Jan Davis died during a protest jump against the discrimination NPS had practiced for 21 years. NPS used Jan’s death to validate its prohibition of wilderness jumping by deflecting the discussion from access discrimination to safety and, about a year later, NPS finally put in writing the 23-year-old policy prohibition it had previously denied existed: Section 8.2.2.7 of its 2001
Management Policies manual prohibited parachuting from cliffs in all national park areas as a matter of policy, and was not a discretionary matter for individual superintendents.
Since then,
The Alliance of Backcountry Parachutists, Inc. has worked with Congressman Tom Tancredo and reasonable members of the NPS management family to establish a dialogue based on fair access and responsible use based on the backcountry management model rather than the aviation/special use model. That process has borne some fruit already, with the most problematic of the policy ban language having already been deleted from the proposed new manual.
There are three specific reasons for adopting the backcountry regulatory model for parachuting on public lands – and as a USE model for its practitioners:
- Backcountry parachuting is what it is – parachuting in the backcountry, in the wilderness, away from people, and streets and wires and cars (and hospitals and paramedics), up close and personal with trees and rocks and lions and tigers and bears (oh my). Consequently, “E” jumpers need to have exceptional parachuting skills and backcountry-specific knowledge, equipment, and ethics.
- “Backcountry” has a specific bureaucratic meaning in public lands management that aids the access process. The administrative, managerial, bureaucratic problem with “BASE jumping” is: “Where do we put it? How do we classify it? We don’t know, so… NO.” With backcountry parachuting, on the other hand, the very name describes the activity, its venue, and its classification. And as the ABP demonstrated in Utah on July 8 http://www.backcountryparachutists.org/utah.php, public lands managers “get” backcountry parachuting and thus were able to take informed action to include it in their access process.
- It’s important for technical and political clarity to separate backcountry parachuting on public lands from BASE jumping, which often occurs illegally from private property. “BASE jumping” conjures up images of buildings, antennas, bridges – and people running from the cops, thus muddling the issue of parachuting access on public lands. This was demonstrated recently on television in Australia, where the jumpers argued for legal access to Oz national parks. The problem was, they called it BASE jumping instead of backcountry parachuting and so the reporters flashed pix of building and tower jumps and then said, “this is what they want to make legal!”
The situation at New River is unique in that the issue revolves not around managing parachuting as a recurring recreational activity in the backcountry but administering a one-day special use event governed by a local agency that starts on state property and ends on NPS-controlled land. Accordingly, much of the financial and operational burden faced by Bridge Day organizers does not originate with the NPS.
Consequently, the ABP takes no position on the current situation, other than to remind readers of this thread that in 2002 New River superintendent Calvin Hite and chief ranger Gary Hartley put their careers on the line by initiating a waiver request of the 8.2.2.7 policy prohibition so that jumping could continue at New River, and then followed it through to a successful conclusion. In so doing, they completely demolished the legitimacy of the policy prohibition, and for that they deserve our continuing thanks, even if they do add a few more rangers to the festivities than may be necessary.
K. Gardner Sapp
Executive Director
Alliance of Backcountry Parachutists, Inc.
http://www.backcountryparachutists.org